I present here a brief technical treatise on the form of the Puerto Rican danza, intended for persons interested in learning more about this musical genre. I hope it is useful for students, musicians in general and, very specially, for those interested in composing a Puerto Rican danza:
The Puerto Rican danza consists of four main parts, all in two beats measures:
First Part or Part A - Introduction or "Paseo" (paseo means to walk around leisurely):
The first part is known as the "paseo" because the dancers use to walk leisurely around the dancing floor, with the lady resting her hand in the gentleman's arm. It serves as an introduction and it doesn't have the rhythmic accompaniment that characterizes the other parts. The snare drum and the güiro play a prolonged roll during all this part. It has a duration of 8 measures, and as the other parts, it is usually repeated. It can be of a solemn nature, dramatic or just melodious. It almost always end with a dominant fifth chord, extended in its interpretation with a "calderón" (which is not always written), and serves as preparation for the next part.
Second Part or Part B - First Theme:
In the first theme the rhythm that characterizes the Danza begins. The bass and/or bass drum, generally carry the following rhythmic pattern, be it directly or implicit:
The snare drum and the other accompanying instruments, like the bombardino or the güiro, carry a basic rhythm like the following:
In the last beat of each four measures the snare drum performs a roll. The first theme has a duration of 16 measures and is always repeated.
A variation to the basic pattern might be something like this:
Third Part or Part C - Second Theme:
The characteristics of the second theme are exactly the same as those of the first theme, except that we find some cases where it doesn't repeat, although this is the exception, not the rule. There are not any rules regarding the tonality or modality of any of the themes. The original tonality is usually kept all throughout the piece, but interesting harmonic progressions that seem to lead to other keys are commonly found.
Fourth Part or Part D - Third Theme:
Although in essence the third theme is similar to the others, this one is known as "canto de bombardino" or "bombardino solo", because in the orchestral versions that instruments changes from its accompanist role to soloist, assigning the melody or a special solo to it. Sometimes the melody in this section is more lively, or more commonly, more sweet and melodious - similar to the "trio" in marches. As in the previous parts, the duration is 16 measures, and as a rule it is always repeated.
End
For the end, the most common practice is to recapitulate to the first theme (part B), although we find that sometimes the recapitulation is to the second theme (part C). That recapitulation is not repeated and some notes of the last three or four measures might be changed to have a more definitive or accentuated ending.
In some cases a fifth theme (Part E) is used, or simply a four or eight measures Coda is added after part D, or sometimes after the recapitulation.
We could summarize by saying that the basic form of the Puerto Rican Danza is: A-A,-B-B,-C-C,-D-D,-B (or C) and Coda (optional).
Other considerations
Between parts B, C and D there could be bridges from 1 to 8 measures to help in the transition from one part to the other. The themes don't have to have anything in common, more than they sound pleasant and flow naturally. This is not about developing a melodic or rhythmic theme throughout the piece, but the concatenation of several different melodies that fit together. There are no fixed rules regarding the tonality, modality, harmonic progressions or modulations from one part to the other.
Regarding the harmonic progression, Danzas are usually rich, not limiting themselves to the basic chords (I-IV-V), but looking for interesting alternatives, moving to the relative mayor or minor, or to nearby tonalities, but without necessarily modulating to them. Chords with more than a seventh are rare in traditional danzas, but in the contemporary ones many authors are using modern and dissonant harmonies to different extents.
Although Part A almost always have 8 measures, and the other parts have 16, you can find parts B, C and D with other quantities of measures. I personally promote the idea that, instead of repeating each 16 measures part exactly, it would be good for new composers to use new ideas, like re-harmonizing the melody for the second pass, or making parts of more than 16 measures, etc. While attending activities where the Danza is danced, I have noticed that the "Paseo" is too short and the couples have barely begun to walk when the paseo ends. So, I think it would be a good idea to lengthen the paseo from its traditional 8 measures, or perhaps, to add a new part like a short four measures fanfare before the paseo, to warn the dancers and give them time to get ready and walk and dance the whole piece. This would also make the piece a little bit longer than its usual three minutes duration.
All this applies to romantic danzas, and to the somewhat livelier danzas like Maldito Amor. The danzas that I classify as Super Festive (like No me Toques, Sí te Toco, Fiestas de Santa Rosa, Fiesta del Acabe, La Cuñadita, etc.) have a different and livelier rhythmic pattern, pretty similar to a guaracha (a predecessor of the Latin salsa):
That is a typical Super Festive Danza pattern. Some danzas have also been written in 6/8, but that is extremely rare: (Ej. Días Felices from yours truly).
Analysis of some Danzas:
Important Note – Part A always refers to the Introduction or Paseo.
Mis Penas – Juan Morel Campos
Romantic Danza - D minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | D minor | Dramatic Introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | Dm and FM | Alternates between Dm and FM
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | Dm | Modulatory harmonies, but stays in Dm
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | DM | D Mayor
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D | 16 | . | .
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Bridge | 8 | DM | .
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B | 16 | Dm | First eight measures without change, but the last 8 are modified for the end.
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Summary: This Danza is representative of one of the most common or classic forms: an introduction followed by three rhythmic themes and a recapitulation. In other words, there are five parts, counting the recapitulation of one of the rhythmic themes (B or C - in this case, B).
Form: AA-BB-CC-DD-Bridge-B
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No me toques – Juan Morel Campos
Super Festive Danza – A Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | A Mayor | Dramatic Introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 8 | A minor | The key signature was not changed from A Mayor
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D | 16 | C Mayor | The key signature was not changed from A Mayor
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B | 8 | A Mayor | Recapitulation to just the first measures of part B
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E | 8 | . | .
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E | 8 | . | .
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Summary: This is a Super Festive Danza and it doesn't follow the pattern of repeating all its parts. Its form is not typical.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-D-B-E-E
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Maldito Amor – Juan Morel Campos
Festive Danza – E minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | E minor | Dramatic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | It begins with an upbeat
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | G M | Moves to Bb and Eb but stays in GM
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | EM | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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E | 16 | Em | .
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E | 16 | . | .
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Summary: This Danza hast the form of five repeating parts, without recapitulation, creating a new theme (E) in the place where you usually find the recapitulation.
Form: AA-BB-CC-DD-EE
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Sí te Toco – Juan Morel Campos
Super Festive Danza – E flat Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | E flat Mayor | Dramatic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | Modulates to G Mayor for 8 Measures and then to B flat Mayor for 8 more to then return back to E flat
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Bridge | 1 | . | Modulation
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B | 16 | E flat Mayor | .
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Summary: The form of this Danza is also pretty atypical, as it only has two rhythmic themes and one of them is not repeated, as it is customary.
Form: AA-BB-C-Bridge-B
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Dí que me amas – Juan Morel Campos
Romantic Danza – E minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | Em | Classical sounding introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | C M | Modulates to C M but without changing the key signature.
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C | 16 | . | .
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Bridge | 4 | Em | .
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D | 16 | E Mayor | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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E | 16 | . | This doesn't sound like a theme, but more like a modulatory bridge.
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B | 16 | E minor | Recapitulation with a small change in the last two measures to accentuate the ending.
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Summary: The form of this danza could be classified as typical, except for the introduction of two bridges (one identified as such and the other as part E). If we don't take into account the bridges, the basic structure is based on an introduction, followed by three rhythmic themes and recapitulating to the first rhythmic theme (AA-BB-CC-DD-B).
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-Bridge-D-D-E-B
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Margarita – Manuel G. Tavárez
Romantic Danza – E flat minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | E flat minor | Very melodic introduction.
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 32 | . | This is more like a 16 measures part B, repeated, with changes in the last 8 measures.
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C | 8 | . | This is more like a bridge written as 4 repeated measures.
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D | 16 | E flat Mayor | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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C | 8 | . | This is exactly the previous bridge.
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B | 16 | E flat minor | Recapitulation to the last 16 measures of part B.
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Summary: After a very melodious introduction it goes to the first rhythmic theme, passing through a bridge to the second rhythmic theme, later using the same bridge to go to the recapitulation of the first rhythmic theme. In other words, this Danza could also be analyzed as: : A-A-B-B-Bridge-C-C-Bridge-B
Form: A-A-B-C-D-D-C-B or A-A-B-B-Bridge-C-C-Bridge-B
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La Cuñadita – Olimpio Otero
Festive Danza – D minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | Dm | Dramatic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 18 | F M and Dm | This part is actually divided into two 8 measure parts, separated by a 2 measures modulatory bridge.
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C | 18 | . | .
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Summary: This is a very simple Danza in its form, with only two 16 measures themes (repeated). It begins with a dramatic introduction in octaves. Goes to a very lively first theme in Dm. Then to a second theme in its relative mayor (FM), going back to Dm with a brief 2 measures bridge. It doesn't include the usual third rhythmic theme (canto de bombardino) and finishes without a recapitulation nor coda. The Danza "El Coquí" (José I. Quintón) has exactly this same format.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C
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Violeta – Rafael Alers
Romantic Danza - C Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | C Mayor | Melodic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | A minor | Modulation to the relative minor of the original key.
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | A Mayor | Modulation to the Mayor mode of the previous key.
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D | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | A minor | Return to the minor key, ending with it.
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Summary: This Danza has the typical form: 8 measures introduction, followed by three 16 measures rhythmic themes (repeated), ending with a recapitulation to the second rhythmic theme.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-C
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Recuerdos de Borinquen – Luis R. Miranda
Romantic Danza – C Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | C Mayor | In its original version it appears as a single, non repeating, 16 measures part.
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | A minor | .
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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E | 19 | C Mayor | This part begins with an apparent recapitulation to part B, but it is developed differently for the ending.
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Summary: We could say that this Danza has the traditional form, similar to the previous one (Violeta), but with a slight variation in the recapitulation to part B, which I identified as part E.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-E
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Sara – Angel Mislán
Festive Danza – A Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | A Mayor | Majestic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | . | Very lively and virtuoso bombardino solo.
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D | 16 | . | .
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B | 8 | . | Recapitulation to first four measures of part B, modifying the last four measures for the ending.
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Summary: This danza has the typical form of an introduction, followed by three rhythmic themes and a recapitulation to one of the first rhythmic themes.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-B
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Siempre – José Enrique Pedreira
Romantic Danza – B minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 16 | B minor | Melodic introduction, somewhat dramatic. Although it is written as a single 16 measures part, it could be seen as two 8 measure parts, as the second is a variant of the first.
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B | 22 | . | .
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B | 22 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | In these 16 measures there is an apparent transition to the relative mayor (DM)
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C | 10 | . | .
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Bridge | 8 | . | There are some "lost" or unaccounted measures, as upbeats.
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D | 32+ | B Mayor | .
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D | 32+ | . | .
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B | 15 | B minor | .
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Summary: This danza has the basic structure of an introduction, followed by three rhythmic themes with a recapitulation to the first rhythmic theme. Although the parts have irregular extensions, it adheres to the danza's basic form.
Form: A-(A) – B-B-C-C-Bridge-D-D-B
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El Coquí – José Ignacio Quintón
Festive Danza - B flat Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | B flat Mayor | .
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 18 | . | .
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C | 18 | . | .
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Summary: This danza consists of an introduction followed by two repeated themes. It doesn't have the bombardino solo part, nor a recapitulation nor a Coda. It is similar to "La Cuñadita" (Olimpio Otero), analyzed previously.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C
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Impromptu – Luis R. Miranda
Festive Danza – G Mayor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | G Mayor | Majestic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | Harmonically it seems to have moved momentarily to Am, but it continues in GM.
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C | 18 | . | .
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D | 16 | C Mayor | Bombardino solo very similar to "Sara" (Angel Mislán)
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D | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | Recapitulation and modification of the last 4 measures for the ending.
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Summary: This danza has the typical form, without changes.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-B
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Bajo la sombra de un pino – Juan F. Acosta
Romantic Danza – G minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | G minor | Melodic and simple introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | G Mayor | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | G minor | .
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Summary: This danza has the typical form, without changes.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-B
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Tú y yo – Angel Mislán
Romantic Danza – D minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | D minor | Majestic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | It travels to the relative mayor (FM) but stays in Dm.
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | D Mayor | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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E | 16 | . | .
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E | 16 | . | Ends in D Mayor
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Summary: This danza consists of an introduction and four different themes, each one 16 measures long and repeated. It began in Dm but finished in DM.
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-E-E
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Mis Amores– Simón Madera
Romantic Danza – D minor
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Part | Measures | Key | Comments
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A | 8 | D minor | Majestic introduction
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A | 8 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | .
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C | 16 | . | .
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D | 16 | F Mayor | .
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D | 16 | . | .
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B | 16 | D minor | Recapitulation to the first rhythmic theme with a slight variation for the ending.
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Summary: This danza has the typical form, without changes..
Form: A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-B
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I hope this information have been useful to you. The Institute of Puerto Rican Culture holds a yearly danza composition contest (we publish the details in this site, around February or March) and the Círculo de Recreo de San Germán also holds its contests every three years. I urge every Puerto Rican musician, both professional and students, to participate and enrich our culture with more compositions of this genre.
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